Growing Beef Newsletter
March 2025, Volume 15, Issue 9
From Frost to Forage: Managing Stands for Spring Productivity
Shelby Gruss, ISU extension forage specialist
From blistering cold to moderate spring temperatures, it seems that we have made it past the worst of winter, and with spring around the corner, there are a few things to consider to ensure a productive year.
A common question I receive this time of year is whether to frost seed. To successfully establish a stand through frost seeding, several factors must be considered. The right weather conditions are crucial to utilize the natural freeze/thaw cycles that help work the seed into the soil, ensuring good seed-to-soil contact. Additionally, soil moisture is needed for freezing, and in many parts of Iowa, current conditions may not be ideal for this technique. Monitoring the forecast and soil conditions - particularly looking for honeycombing in the soil (Figure 1) - is a good indicator of suitable conditions. The more freeze/thaw cycles that occur, the greater the likelihood of successful seed incorporation into the soil .
Even if conditions are not ideal for frost seeding, there are other options to thicken a stand, such as utilizing a no-till drill or broadcast seeding. A no-till drill ensures good seed-to-soil contact, which is crucial for successful establishment. Regardless of the method, residue management is important for the survival of the new seeding. Mowing the residue low minimizes competition for the new stand, and ideally, some bare ground should be visible especially for frost-seeding and broadcast seeding success.
As spring progresses, stand establishment will be particularly important, especially after experiencing extended extreme cold periods with little to no snow cover. These conditions increase the risk of winterkill, making interseeding or renovation crucial for maintaining productivity. Quick assessments can be made for alfalfa hayfields and pastures to determine the extent of winter damage and the need for further intervention. Alfalfa stands should have 55+ stems per square foot to ensure high productivity. Stands with 40-55 stems per square foot we can expect to see some yield decline, and less than 39 stems per square foot interseeding or renovation should be considered as impacts of yield will be considerable (Figure 2). Additionally, splitting the crown is important to assess its health. A healthy crown will be white in color and firm when pressed on. Brown discoloration or a soft texture when pressed indicate potential damage and poor health.
By carefully evaluating stands and choosing the appropriate seeding method, producers can help maintain forage productivity and quality throughout the season. Whether through frost seeding, no-till drilling, or other renovation strategies, proactive management will ensure healthy stands that can support livestock needs and overall farm success.
This monthly newsletter is free and provides timely information on topics that matter most to Iowa beef producers. You’re welcome to use information and articles from the newsletter - simply credit Iowa Beef Center.
